30.7.05

Desobediência civil

José Soeiro do Bloco de Esquerda explicou ao PortugalDiário que esta actividade «consiste basicamente em ensinar as técnicas de desobediência civil». Aprender a fazer «boicotes», «ocupação de espaços públicos», «como se comportar numa manifestação» e «como resistir a uma agressão policial» serão alguns dos temas abordados. E necessários para os dias de contestação que correm.

A desobediência civil é «uma forma de luta utilizada desde o tempo de Ghandi», diz José Soeiro, e recorda que em Portugal tem sido utilizada pelos jovens universitários, nomeadamente «no combate às propinas, quando os estudantes invadiram vários senados nas universidades».

Oportunamente, foi hoje publicado no LRC um artigo sobre o assunto: Henry David Thoreau and 'Civil Disobedience', do qual publico alguns excertos abaixo.###

Para começar, o bloquista José Soeiro usa o nome de Ghandi mas "esqueceu-se" de referir o autor que inspirou o indiano:
In 1890, Henry Salt published a collection of Thoreau’s political essays, including “Civil Disobedience.” The book profoundly influenced a young lawyer in South Africa who was protesting that government’s treatment of immigrant workers from India. The lawyer was Mohandas K. Gandhi. Gandhi found in Thoreau the techniques he would use in the subsequent struggle for Indian independence. Years later, he thanked the American people for Thoreau, saying,

You have given me a teacher in Thoreau, who furnished me through his essay on the “Duty of Civil Disobedience” scientific confirmation of what I was doing in South Africa.

Será que este ensaio escrito em 1849 é leitura obrigatória no referido workshop? A julgar pelo seguinte excerto, certamente que não.
The opening sentence of Civil Disobedience sets the tone by endorsing Thomas Jefferson’s much quoted sentiment on government - “That government is best which governs least.” Then Thoreau carries Jefferson’s logic one step further:

Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe, - “That government is best which governs not at all;” and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. Government is at best but an expedient....

After what appears to be a call for anarchism, Thoreau pulls back and dissociates himself from “no-government men.” Speaking in practical terms and “as a citizen,” he states, “I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government.”

Tanto Thoreau como Gandhi lutaram contra o autoritarismo do Estado, em nome da liberdade. Hoje, o Bloco de Esquerda subverte tal ideal tentanto usar a desobediência civil para conseguir a influência política que o eleitorado não lhe concedeu. Mas Thoreau é claro sobre o propósito da desobediência civil:
Civil Disobedience does not espouse a duty to seek out the state for confrontation, to protest a wrong done to your neighbor, or even to resist the state in matters that do not violate conscience, such as buying a postage stamp.

The only political duty of a man is to correct any injustice he directly causes and to deny his cooperation to other injustice. This is the conclusion at which Civil Disobedience arrives.

If I have unjustly wrested a plank from a drowning man, I must restore it to him though I drown myself....

... If I devote myself to other pursuits and contemplations, I must first see, at least, that I do not pursue them sitting upon another man’s shoulders. I must get off him first, that he may pursue his contemplations too.

In short, Thoreau believed the state should never rank above the individual conscience or the business of living. But if the state demands a person’s first allegiance by asking him to violate his conscience and participate in an injustice, the person should disobey - not through violence but by removing his cooperation.

Esta é, afinal, a lição que o bloco-campista terá de aprender quando, a partir da próxima segunda-feira, voltar a sentar-se em frente ao computador: com a desobediência civil, o indivíduo nega cooperação com o Estado no que julga ser uma injustiça sem, contudo, o fazer à custa da liberdade de outros.

Nota: podem ler o ensaio de Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience", no Wikisource.